MMR vaccines are given to a child before 1 year as 3 separate doses. This will prevent measles, mumps and rubella. These are vaccine preventable infectious diseases. Vaccines also fight against some infectious diseases like yellow fever, small pox and polio. Thanks to vaccines, small pox is completely eradicated from the world. That’s why US stops to use small pox vaccine as there is no case of small pox for the past 40 years. Polio which is a dangerous disease that causes permanent disability among children over last decades is considerably reduced with the help of IPV.

Every year old people died because of seasonal flu and other infectious diseases. Many senior citizens do not know about the benefits of vaccines. Influenza vaccine can prevent the disease and provide long lasting protection. Detecting the disease and preventing them through vaccines will help to prevent people from deaths. Elderly people who are getting affected by flu must be vaccinated. Other people who are in close contact with old people must also use vaccines.

Children who are suffering from asthma must be vaccinated against infectious diseases. Vaccines must be provided to cattles and poultry against infectious diseases. This is more important because people who take infected meat will also get such diseases.

Vaccines are suggested for those people who travel to various countries. Some diseases are not common in US. But those who travel outside must get vaccinations against such diseases found in that country. You must decide about your vaccination schedule. Though more vaccines are compulsory, there are some other optional vaccines also. People who work in health care centers, those who use drugs, people with less immunity must be vaccinated to protect themselves from infectious diseases.

Some diseases may spread through air and some other may occur from contaminated food and water. There are some diseases that may spread from an infected person. So vaccination is essential for this. Treatment to such diseases may require lot of days in bed that will restrict your normal day to day activities. So preventing through vaccines are advisable.

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There are two types of influenza vaccine. It is given as an injection in the deltoid muscle when it is inactivated vaccine and it is sprayed into the nose when live attenuated vaccine is used. Every body should get this vaccine. Children under 9 years should get 2 doses separated by at least 4 weeks. It should be given once a year as immunity declines in a year.

Measles vaccine is a live, attenuated and it is given in the fatty layer of tissue under the skin. First dose should be given to children after age of 12 months. One more after some time but before 12 months should be given. It is recommended for all children and certain adolescents and adults.

Mumps vaccine is made from live weakened virus. It is given as an injection in the fatty layer of tissue under the skin. At least one dose is recommended for all children after 12 months of age.

The diphtheria vaccine is made by growing the bacteria in a liquid medium. It is given as a shot in the muscle. Usually 4 doses are given to children at 2, 4, 6 and 15 months of age. Individual should receive a booster dose of Tetanus and diphtheria every ten years because immunity to diphtheria wanes with time.

Polio vaccine is given as injection in the arm or leg. It may be given as oral dose where polio is common. All infants should get this vaccine in three specified doses and a boosted dose at 4-6 years.

These are important vaccines which every parent must get for their children. There are many more than this and they can decide it with consultation of doctor.

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Other vaccine sheets that are available are Pneumococcal Polysaccharide, Meningococcal, Tdap, Rabies, Rotavirus, HPV, Shingles, Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Japanese Encephalitis, Anthrax and Smallpox. There is use is not required but it is welcome. Vaccine sheets must be used when giving vaccines purchased through a CDC contract. Though Ratavirus Tdap, HPV and meningococcal vaccines are covered by the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, their Vaccine sheets have not yet been published in final versions.

Providers should give the appropriate vaccine information sheet to the patient prior to administration of vaccination. It should record the information about

Date of publication of sheet, which sheet is given, date on which it is given, and record the information in patient’s permanent medical record.

Patient’s name, address and title of the person who administered the vaccine should be noted down in providers’ book. The date of administration, the vaccine manufacturer, the vaccine lot number is also written. If needed, supplement vaccine sheets should be given with videotapes, additional printed material that will help recipients understand the disease and the vaccine.

Providers should not use their own Vaccine information sheets or change the one which is given by CDC. Provider may add the name and address of practice’s to an existing sheet. If the publication date is cut off during downloading he can add that.

Provider may give out vaccine information sheet at other times, in addition to prior to vaccine administration eg. Pre-natal visits. According to state’s requirement he can add a separate ‘informed consent’ form. Some states require this form.

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* The vaccine which prevents cervical cancer is called HPV vaccine. This vaccine is recommended for all 11 and 12 year old girls. Recommendation for females between 13-26 age is also given. This vaccine is given in a series of three injections over a six month period. The second and third doses should be given after 2 and 6 months after the first dose. This vaccine is highly effective in preventing 70% of all cervical cancers and about 90% of genital warts. This has been tested in thousands of females around the world. The studies have shown no serious side effects. There is brief soreness at the injection site. There is no thimersol or mercury in this vaccine. So far it is believed that HPV vaccine protects a person for years. However booster dose will be given if needed.

* This is the first vaccine developed to prevent cervical cancer. However women will still need regular cervical cancer screening. The vaccine does not protect against all HPVs hence there is risk for some cancers. Cervical cancer is cause of death of 3600 women in a year. Some women may not get benefit of vaccine if they do not get full 3 doses and if they have already acquired the HPV. It is important for girls to get HPV vaccine before age of 11-12 so that they are vaccinated before they become sexually active. It is most effective for those who get vaccinated before their first sexual contact. This vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women as more research is necessary for the side effects on baby and mother. If a women finds herself pregnant after one dose of this vaccine then she should postpone the next doses after her delivery. It is not yet known whether HPV vaccine can be used for boys and men.

This vaccine is not compulsory for school going children.

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Polio vaccine is proved to be safe and very effective. The first dose should be given after birth. The second dose should be given in 4′Th month and the third dose in 6-12 months. The fourth dose can be given in the child’s 5′Th year. Polio vaccines for adults are not required because they will develop immunity to polio virus. Even the first dose itself shows greater immunity among children. The second and third dose will provide 100% efficiency in preventing polio virus.

OPV provides excellent immunity in the intestine. It helps to prevent wild polio virus. In developed countries where wild polio virus is not common, IPV is recommended. IPV is a killed virus vaccine. You can use it as a shot in the arm. OPV can be taken orally and it contains live virus.

A person who receives polio vaccine will never get the chance of being infected with polio virus life long. There are some advantages in IPV. Since it is not a live virus, you can handle them easily than OPV. It eliminates the risk of polio paralysis. There are no severe side effects reported up to date. But it is not suitable to provide protection against wild polio virus. The cost is 5 times higher than OPV. IPV should be given only by trained health workers. It is an additional shot to your child. But OPV can be easily given by trained or untrained persons. You can give it to children with sugar syrup. It provides long lasting immunity.

Polio must be completely eradicated from the world. So UNICEF and WHO are administering polio vaccination programs in developing countries. National Immunization days are observed in countries where the disease is more. It is proved that nearly 60 % of the children in the world are immunized with polio vaccine.

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National vaccine injury compensation program had been formed to assure adequate supply of vaccines, maintaining the cost level of vaccines and to provide compensation to the persons suffering from vaccine injuries. The vaccine injury compensation will also be given to persons who are ill treated by vaccine authorities.

National childhood vaccine injury act provides compensation to children who are severely affected by vaccines. The severe side effects include brain damage, blood vomiting, coma or even death. If the child cries continuously for 3 hour after vaccinating, then you can know that the child is affected by the vaccine. The vaccine injury compensation program helps to get compensation from the vaccine manufacturers or providers. It also provides incentives to safe vaccine producers.

If you suspect any vaccine injury, then you should immediately report to Vaccine Adverse effects reporting system. National Vaccine Injury Compensation program provides justice to affected persons. If a vaccine is mistakenly administered to a child or over dosage of vaccine is given and as a result the child suffered any side effects, the victim can take civil or criminal action against the Doctor or health care worker who provides the vaccine.

The program mainly aims at prompting the unsafe vaccine manufacturer to leave the market and to provide maximum compensation to the injured persons. As a result many manufacturers are forced to take insurance policies to provide compensation. So the price of vaccines is increased 300 % in this year.

Vaccine injury cases are treated by special vaccine lawyers only. A petitioner can file case against vaccines including DTP, MMR, polio vaccines and any other combination vaccines. Medical documents and reports given by experts are enough to get compensation. But it must be proved that he was affected by the vaccine only. The person will get compensation within one year after filing the case.

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Mumps vaccine is very safe and effective. It will not produce any severe side effects. Mild fever, rash, and body pains are normal and that too associated with other vaccines in the combination. 95 % people develop immunity immediately after vaccinating the first dose. People who have severe allergy for gelatin and people who face severe side effects after vaccinating first dose should not get vaccinated. Regnant woman should not use this vaccine. Woman should delay pregnancy for 4 weeks after vaccination.

Though mumps vaccine do not prove any severe effects to embryo in a pregnant woman, it is advisable not to use this vaccine while pregnancy. This is because the vaccine is prepared from live vaccines. It is believed previously that people who had egg allergy should not use mumps vaccine. Because this vaccine is prepared on the basis of chicken embryo. But it is proved safe for those who have egg allergy also. However people affected by HIV infection should not use this vaccine.

Mumps is an air borne disease and it will spread when an infected person sneezes and coughs. Treatment to mumps is difficult and requires several days of bed rest. So preventing through vaccines is better. The vaccine is provided in a powder form with diluents. It should be reconstituted before use with the diluents. The remaining vaccine should be discarded. Almost all people vaccinated do not face any adverse effects other than swelling in the site. The swelling will last for 1 or 2 days only.

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Pneumococcal vaccine is not recommended for people who had any previous adverse effects to this vaccine. Pregnant woman or woman who plans to get pregnancy should not use this vaccine. The World Health Organization recommends the use of pneumonia vaccines in the developing countries. It is not like flu vaccine. So you need not get the vaccine every year. Normally one dose is enough. In some cases the doctor may advice to use the second dose. If your health condition is sound, but the surroundings have the possibility of spreading pneumonia, you can use the vaccine after consulting your doctor.

Most of the people vaccinated with this vaccine had shown great immunity against the disease. The vaccine causes some normal side effects like rash, redness in the injection spot and fever. These effects will not last long. You can also get flu or any inactivated vaccines before or after getting pneumonia vaccines.

Pneumonia vaccine is given as a shot of 0.5 ml. One dose is enough for most people. But for people suffering from sickle cell disease, chronic disorders, HIV infected people should get the second dose after 5 years from the first dose. This vaccine is given as a intra muscular shot. The injection site must be sterilized with alcohol before using this.

A latest research shows that children vaccinated with pneumonia vaccine have lesser chance to get the disease. Pneumonia affects lung and other respiratory organ. Treatment to this involves number of days in hospitalization. Sometimes it may cause severe health problems and death. But it is a vaccine preventable disease. So it is recommended by health experts especially it should be used by high risk groups.

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Hepatitis B usually gets cured on its own. But it also causes chronic infection.

The Hepatitis B can spread due to the following reasons.

1. The disease spreads because of unprotected sex with an infected person

2. The most unsafe spreading of the disease that also proves to be the most dangerous is sharing of needles for drugs, tattooing or piercing.

3. Coming in contact with the persons open sores, or blood also causes Hepatitis B

4. Things like sharing of tooth brushes, biting another person, sharing razors or nail clippers also causes Hepatitis B

Many vaccines have been developed against the disease of Hepatitis B. These vaccines are developed from the plasma of the patients who had a long standing history of the disease. The vaccine is made up of viral envelop protein that is hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg. However currently these vaccines are made using the recombinant DNA. Today both the vaccines are being used and have been proved to be safe and successful.

Nations all over the world include the vaccine against Hepatitis B in the regular immunization program. Infants born to the HBeAg positive mothers are vaccinated with immune globulin after birth so as to prevent the infection. In case of health workers the vaccination after five to ten years is recommended.

The vaccine has proved to be very effective. In the areas having the risk of spread of disease immunization of the newborns has helped a great deal. This has also led to a noticeable drop in the rate of liver cancer.

A famous essay by the noted author Amartya Sen, titled “More that 100 million women are missing”, states that in the year 1982 due to the vaccine the male-female birth ratio was lowered.

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You can get vaccinated in the month of October or November because from December to May it will be flu season. All people required to use flu vaccines. But people at high risk group must be vaccinated every year. The high risk group includes children above 6 months up to 5 years, pregnant woman, Elder people, People who have any chronic diseases, people who take continuous medical treatment etc.

But the vaccine is not recommended for people who have egg allergy, children below 6 months, people who face any adverse effects after vaccinating etc. it is proved that both flu shot and nasal spray vaccines are safe and effective. There will not be any severe side effects of this vaccine. Mild fever, soreness and body pain are the normal symptoms and will not last more than 2 days.

In case of nasal spay vaccines, there will be no side effects. But it is prepared from weekend live virus. So children vaccinated may get vomiting, wheezing, head ache, runny nose and so on. Adults may also have runny nose, fever, body pain, sore throat etc. But both the vaccines are proved to be safe for many people. It helps to develop antibodies in the body and thus protects influenza virus infection.

In fact flu vaccines begin to work only after 2 weeks. So it is advisable to get vaccinated even before the flu season. Flu vaccine effectiveness depends upon the age and health of the vaccinated person and also on the similarity between virus in the vaccine and the virus in the surroundings. Flu virus will change year to year. So it is advisable to use the vaccine every year.

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