Healthy Status Always » Tropical Disease

Promising Plant May Be Good For Two Tropical Diseases

hosnee — Sat, 05 Dec 2009 17:24:36 +0000

Two significant tropical diseases could find relief with some plants native to the Mojave Desert region. Ohio State University has been working on possible treatments for killing the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. These two diseases are rarely found in the United States and Canada but they are a growing problem in certain areas of the world like Africa.

The extracts of two plants – the dotted dalea and the Mojave dalea – have shown promise in killing the protozoa, a kind of parasite, that cause these diseases. People in developing countries as well as health care workers and military in these areas are at risk of contracting this disease. And if left untreated, they have high death rates. The two protozoa that cause the leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness are Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei respectively.

The medications used currently to treat leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness aka African trypanosomiasis can be quite expensive and sometimes could prove to be toxic to the patient. In addition, the parasites causing these illnesses could eventually become resistant to current medical treatments. This is the reason why the discovery of the two Mojave plants is such good news.

Currently most of the drugs treating these protozoan parasitic diseases are available only as an injection and must be administered over a long period of time for true effectiveness. The goal of researchers at Ohio State University is to find a way to produce the plant extracts into a pill form that can be swallowed, eliminating a lengthy treatment process as well as the exorbitant costs.

The goal of Ohio University is to determine how to process the plant extracts in such a way so as not to destroy or harm any kidney cells. Some drugs aimed at killing these parasites causing these two tropical diseases are harmful to some of the organs like the kidney, thus the search for gentler yet effective treatments. Thus far, these two plants have been the best at inhibiting the growth and multiplication of the protozoa that cause leishmaniasis and the sleeping sickness.

One of the reasons why treatments are being worked on with such determination is that there is becoming more and more involvement of military as well as health workers in these areas where the two diseases are endemic. Falling ill to them will hamper the responsibilities of the military and health workers as well as any others in the area in addition to possibly causing disfigurement as well as a lower immunity to other illnesses.

There is an American trypanosomiasis in addition to the African trypanosomiasis aka sleeping sickness. In addition, there are several forms of the leishmaniasis – a visceral (internal) form and cutaneous form which affects the skin. It is not known quite yet how the plant extracts from the dotted dalea and the Mojave dalea will work on the various forms of the disease. However, just identifying these plants is a huge step in the right direction for new treatments for these prominent tropical diseases.

River Blindness A Common Water Based Tropical Disease

hosnee — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 20:06:36 +0000

Water is one of the most common incubators when it comes to little beasties that cause tropical diseases. Onchoceriasis, also known as river blindness, is one of those diseases which originate from the water. It is a parasitic disease caused by a worm which lives in the water and is the one of the top causes of blindness from infection.

The worm which causes river blindness is the Onchocerca volvulus and is quite thin and cannot really be seen by the naked eye. The disease is transmitted from person to person from the bite of a blackfly. The larvae passed onto an unsuspecting victim turns into adult worms which can live for up to 15 years in the body!

How River Blindness Happens

The blackfly lays its eggs in river waters, particular those which have swift flowing waters. These eggs mature in about 12 days and become adults. The female adult blackfly typically seeks to mate and after doing so is quite hungry for a little blood. When she bites someone infected with Onchocerciasis, she ingests the larvae from the parasitic worm which causes the disease. Then, the next person the female blackfly bites will get the larvae transmitted to them.

This worm larva then takes up residence in the human body and grows up into adult worms. These adult worms nestle into sinewy, threadlike nodules close to the skin’s surface as well as near joint areas causing great pain to the human host.

The Worm’s Effect on the Human Body

The adult female parasitic worm can be almost 20 inches long and literally produce millions of microscopic babies. It is these baby worms which travel through the skin. And when these worms die, the result is extreme itching as well as loss of pigmentation in the skin where the worm death occurs. In addition, some people experience serious swelling in the lymph tissue, particularly in the groin areas as well as the eyes resulting in dropping genital parts as well as blindness or severe visual impairment. Symptoms of this parasitic worm infestation in the human body can take several years, finally manifesting itself anywhere from 1-4 years after becoming infected!

A Global View of the Disease

Many of the countries of Africa has occurrences of this river blindness in addition to the Arabian Peninsula, southern Mexico and countries in Central and South America like Ecuador, Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil. Almost 20 million people worldwide are affected by Onchocerciasis aka river blindness. At the very least, many of these people suffer complicated dermatitis and itching while up to half of them become blind.

Prevention and Intervention

The World Health Organization (WHO) is concentrating on intervention techniques to reign in the occurrences of river blindness. They are targeting the areas where these blackflies breed and therefore multiply. Using larvicides in special sprays, these are sprayed around the breeding sites of the rivers which harbor the flies.

In addition, a drug called Ivermectin is often administered to those people who are infected with the parasitic worm transmitted from the blackfly which causes river blindness. This drug kills the young worms inside the body before they can truly become detrimental to a person’s health. Both actions have helped lower the statistics of those affected by this tropical disease.

Factors That Exacerbate Tropical Disease

hosnee — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 20:41:36 +0000

Traveling to foreign countries can be quite exciting and adventurous. Of course, with traveling comes a certain amount of responsibility in terms of not only travel logistics but also your health as well. Certain areas of the world, particularly the tropic and sub-tropic areas, are ripe with diseases that you can catch during your travels. Unless you are properly prepared health-wise, you could end up being sick and bring home one souvenir you wish you hadn’t – disease.

There are a number of factors that exacerbate tropical diseases, both from a native as well as a traveler’s standpoint. Most of these factors can be summed up into one word – poverty. With poverty comes little to no water treatment facilities for clean water. Poverty means there are no waste management services to avoid contact with human and animal waste. It also means inadequate health care facilities and health education programs.

When you travel to these poverty stricken areas like Africa where tropical diseases are prevalent, you are at risk of becoming ill yourself. You could contract a disease from infected insects, bugs and animals. Exposure to contaminated food and water sources are another possibility. And of course, direct contact with the any native people who harbor the bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause disease is another source of exposure.

While the poor hygiene and sanitation practices are expected and should be avoided due to disease, you may not think about a simple handshake or hug from a native being risky. However, the people from these poverty-stricken areas have not always had access to immunizations from the simplest of diseases like diphtheria, polio or tetanus. In addition, they are constantly exposed to viruses, parasites and bacteria that could be contracted from insect bites or even contaminated water, so they could be harboring disease.

Another thing that could exacerbate tropical diseases is the climate. Weather changes and natural disasters can play a big part in spreading disease. Excessive rainy seasons can bring more mosquitoes and other insects that find the wet conditions conducive to breeding. This means that these disease-harboring insects could exponentially multiply and potentially infect more people and even animals.

Natural disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes could interrupt water and waste management services to those foreign locations that actually have decent sanitation requirement. With these disasters, brings the potential for contaminated water and food and thus disease.

Of course, your own health plays a part in whether or not you contract a tropical disease as well as how well you recover from it. If you have a pre-existing condition like AIDS, cancer, diabetes, renal problems and more, these can all lower your resistance to disease as well as recovery time. In addition, if you don’t have the proper immunizations bolstering your immune system, this lowers your resistance to tropical disease too.

As mentioned above, there are a variety of factors that play into complicating tropical diseases – both in transmission and severity of the disease. When you travel to areas endemic of disease, it is important to always take the proper precautions against contamination of food and water as well as against insect bites. The responsibility lies with you in staying healthy.

Leprosy A Disease With Quite A Stigma Attached

hosnee — Fri, 30 Oct 2009 19:59:36 +0000

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a condition with quite a stigma attached. In history, there have been reports of leper colonies established, many times in isolated areas and on islands away from the rest of the world. These lepers became society’s forgotten people. The fact of the matter is that while leprosy can be quite disfiguring, it is not a disease that can be easily caught, especially if your immune system is strong.

About the Disease

Leprosy is a chronic bacterial infection caused by the bacteria mycobacterium leprae. This disease does have devastating, although usually not life-threatening, effects such as disfigurement of the skin, eyes, peripheral nerves around the spinal cord and brain and even various mucosal membranes like the nose.

Leprosy has often caused a lot of fear, mainly due to the disfigurement of people who have never received treatment for the disease. The thing is, it is not really contagious with casual contact and it can be treated with antibiotics. More than one million people around the world have the disease with the most of the cases occurring in areas like Nepal and India, Africa, areas of Central and South America and Pacific Ocean islands.

Exposure and Contraction Issues

It is thought that droplets from the mouth and nose of an infected person could infect someone else via this method. While this is true, more often than not, people exposed to leprosy via this way will never get it. It usually takes long, personal contact with someone with the disease. For this reason, there are not a lot of cases worldwide in the scheme of things.

There have been many cases of doctors and others working with people with leprosy for years and never contracting the disease. It can be quite hard to catch. However, it is thought that armadillos could pass along the disease as well as mosquitoes and even bedbugs and contaminated soil.

Symptoms and Treatment of Leprosy

The bacteria that causes leprosy tends to reproduce slowly; therefore it can take over a year or more after exposure for the disease to manifest itself visibly. Even then, progress is slow, allowing plenty of time for antibiotic treatment.

The skin will develop rashes and bumpy areas and the nerves in the skin and muscle areas are affected causing numbness and weak movements. It is this numbness in the leprosy cases – both mild and advanced – that become the problem. When they cannot feel an injury like a cut or burn, this area can become infected. If left untreated, their condition becomes worse.

There are various stages and types of leprosy and they are start in the same way with the bumps and rashes that progress further and cause impairment of motor abilities. People with leprosy may also develop sores both on the outside of the skin as well as in mucosal areas like the nose.

Antibiotics are the best treatment for leprosy. While it does halt the disease, it cannot correct any damage to the nerves or deformities. Therefore, early detection is key to preventing these effects of the disease. If you plan to be in an area where leprosy exists, you could get a vaccine that is really used for tuberculosis that will provide some limited protection.

Tropical Diseases And Their Impact On The World

hosnee — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 20:04:36 +0000

Diseases are not a one size fits all kind of deal nor are they discriminate. They strike the vulnerable and weak, whether they are man, woman or child. However, in developing countries, the death rates are much higher than those found in more industrialized nations and the odds are quite often stacked against the people in these countries. For instance, babies and children in industrialized nations like the United States are up to 40 times less likely do die from disease than their counterparts in third world, developing countries.

When it comes to the sub-tropical and tropical areas of the world, about 50% of the world’s most infectious diseases occur here. Toddlers lead the pack in deaths in these areas of the world because illness is so prevalent. Tropical diseases in theses places have significant impact on many levels.

Distribution of Diseases

The reason why tropical and sub-tropical regions in the world have the highest death rates is due to the number of tropical diseases found here. Poverty reigns in many of the areas like sub-Sahara regions in Africa, forested areas in South and Central America, Southeast Asia and more. This poverty leads to lack of proper waste management and water treatment facilities in addition to lack of proper medical attention and hospitals.

Of course, the climate allows for many types of insects, bugs and arthropods to thrive. These all serve as hosts to a variety of bacteria, parasites and viruses that harbor some of the deadliest diseases known to the world.

Industrialization has really helped lower the impact of disease in certain areas of the world. At one time, the United States had quite a few illnesses like cholera and malaria that have all but virtually been eradicated due to better waste management, water treatment and ready access to medical attention and medications. In addition, pest control like mosquito and rodent problems has also greatly reduced incidences of illness. Poverty really does make a difference.

A Global Look

Positive improvements in water treatment and pest control have not made it to the less industrialized areas of the world, mainly due to economic factors. As a result, there are still millions of people who die every year from illnesses that could have been successfully treated in an industrialized nation. The tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world continue to be hit hard by disease.

Tropical diseases retard the growth of children in many ways beyond the physical and prevent them from truly living their lives becoming productive members of the world. They have no hope or prospects due to poverty. Poverty of many people in these developing countries hinder the growth and success of a nation overall.

A domino effect occurs when it comes to tropical diseases. When the people in a developing nation are poor and sick, they cannot be productive members of their country. And if there are not enough people serving as representatives of their people, then a country cannot succeed. And if a country cannot succeed, they will contribute to world debt and spread their disease across their borders due to their poverty and lack of proper medical attention and education. Only through collaborative efforts of the more industrialized countries working together can these tropical and sub-tropical countries weighed down in disease and poverty lift themselves up and beyond tropical disease.

Be Aware Of Illness Potential After Your Big Overseas Trip

hosnee — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 17:41:36 +0000

During your travels to foreign countries, particularly in areas endemic of tropical diseases, you are likely to become exposed to some of these diseases. Not everyone gets sick after exposure to some of the parasites, viruses and bacteria that cause disease, but there is always the chance that it could occur.

Some diseases present symptoms fairly quickly, just a day or two, after exposure. This means you may become ill during the trip itself, requiring medical attention immediately. However, some diseases have a longer incubation time which means that you unknowingly bring home a potentially infectious souvenir.

A Traveler’s Risks

There are several things that will be investigated should you become ill after arriving home from some foreign destination. First of all, a doctor will want to know specifically where you went and what region. They will want to know how long you were gone from home, how long you stayed in each place and what your travel and hotel accommodations were. Then, you will be asked what underlying medical conditions you may have in addition to what immunizations you might have had before your trip.

Knowing all of this information can help a doctor pinpoint what type of tropical disease you could have so immediate treatment can begin. In the meantime, a lab would then have an idea of what tropical diseases to test for with cultures of your blood, stool and urine. Postponing any medical treatment while waiting for an answer could delay any progress in recovering from your illness.

Most tropical diseases will present symptoms within the first three months after returning from abroad which greatly helps in the diagnosis and proper treatment of the illness. However, some diseases do not manifest themselves for months or even years later. In this regard, it can be quite harder to link your illness to a tropical disease. As a result, diagnosis could be delayed hindering your treatment and recovery time.

If you happen to become ill within a few months of returning from travel to a tropical disease endemic country, you should try and visit with a doctor that specializes in tropical diseases. In addition, if you travel abroad frequently, you should make it a matter of course to visit a doctor after your return home for routine blood, urine and stool sample screenings. This routine check could save you a lot of grief in the long run should you have contracted a disease that might not make it known for months or years. You could get treatment of the disease before it even presents symptoms thus saving yourself a lot of pain and suffering.

The possibility of a tropical disease should always be on your mind when you book a trip to a foreign land, particularly one in a developing or third world country with questionable water and waste management practices. The smart move would be to check with the Centers for Disease Control in advance and check for any travel advisories to the country in question. You could find out quickly whether there are any disease outbreaks as well as tips to help avoid disease.

Determining Your Own Risk Of Malaria When Traveling

hosnee — Sun, 11 Oct 2009 18:07:36 +0000

Malaria is perhaps the most widely known tropical disease around the world and indeed, it is the one that many Americans are concerned with when they travel. It can be found in many of the countries that are desirable for travel like Mexico, Central and South America, Africa and even parts of Asia and Australia.

Everyone who travels to the areas endemic to malaria has a chance of contracting the disease. However, there are also individual risk factors which may vary from person to person. In addition, the area itself may undergo a sea of change with the weather and the affected environment playing a huge part in creating different levels of malaria risk. The one human factor that should never play a risk in traveling is ignorance. It is up to you to ask your travel agent or research through the Centers for Disease Control to determine travel risk to the area of your choice.

You also have to keep in mind that even if a country has a warning about malaria outbreaks, you have to look at where in the country. If the outbreak is in a rural area, away from the city and tourist trade, you still could quite safely visit the country as long as you refrain from visiting the target disease areas. One thing is for sure, Africa is the place where malaria is quite commonplace.

The timing of malaria or other disease outbreaks usually occurs in the warm, wet seasons in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Cold, dry seasons are not as conducive to transmitting the disease although it does happen at these times. Warm temperatures are best for this type of scenario. Up until the mid 20th century, many people developed some resistance to malaria. However with the disease virtually gone from the United States, people have not built up much of an immunity to it which is why travelers to these malaria endemic countries have to take added precautions.

One of the most important precautions to take while on your trip is the use of insect repellent. DEET based products do well and should be applied to every part of your skin not covered up with clothing. Long sleeves and pants tucked into sock are optimal is well. If you can, the clothing should be light colored as it is easier to see some of the little pests like mosquito and ticks.

Doctors can prescribe anti-malarial medication for you to start taking before your trip. This medication will help protect you from this disease itself but there is a small chance that you could still contract some symptoms like fever, headaches, muscle pain and more.

Your general overall health also plays a factor in where you go and what you want to do. If your immune system is compromised, you have a higher chance of getting malaria as well. Diabetes, heart problems, AIDS and more all can hinder recovery time from the disease. Your best bet would be to refer to your primary care doctor and talk about your travel plans as well as any health treatment options in the event malaria does stick with you.

All About The Freaky Guinea Worm Disease

hosnee — Mon, 28 Sep 2009 03:25:36 +0000

Dracunculiasis is a tropical disease caused by disgusting parasitic worm called Dracunculus medinensis aka guinea worm. This nickname precipitates the common name for this disease – Guinea worm disease. Of all the known possible parasitic worms, this particular one is the largest. Measuring 2 to 2.5 feet in length, the female adult guinea worm is almost 1/10 of an inch in diameter and can carry several million worm embryos.

What Happens to Infected People

A person infected with these worms can expect quite a bit of pain. This parasitic worm travels through the tissues just below the skin and the pain can be excruciating, particularly near the joint areas. In a large majority of these infected cases, the guinea worm will eventually materializes at the feet. The site where this worm erupts from forms an ulcer-type of edema which is a painful accumulation of fluids. Vomiting, fever and nausea accompany this edema.

People with these worms may try to head to the nearest watering hole to immerse their feet in the hopes of relieving the itching pain. What this water does is stimulate the female worm in the ulcerated area to release her larvae which then infects the water source. These little larvas can live in the water for at least a few days.

How the Larva Meet Humans

The guinea worm larvae released into the water source are typically gobbled up by water fleas, particularly one called the Cyclops which can be found all over the world. These Cyclops water fleas measure up to 1/10 of an inch and once they ingest the guinea worm larvae, the larvae takes up to two weeks to get to the infectious stage.

When a person drinks water contaminated with these fleas, the intense stomach acids dissolve the flea itself leaving behind the larvae to spread and travel through the intestinal wall. Approximately three months later, the female and male larva join up to mate and then the male dies off, encapsulated in body tissues. The impregnated female on the other hand travels about the muscles, causing a painful path. A year after first becoming infected, the human host is finally rid of the female worm when it erupts from the skin, typically around the feet. These new little larvae that are pushed out kick off the cycle of infection all over again.

Treatment Options

Unfortunately, there is no cure or treatment for this freaky Guinea worm disease. It cannot be prevented but the good news is that it is rarely fatal. However, people who get these worms that cause the Dracunculiasis aka Guinea worm disease, could be laid up for months due to several things:

1. Usually more than one worm must be expelled and they do not typically happen at the same time.

2. Migration path of the worm or worms are sometimes in very delicate or sensitive areas causing extreme pain.

3. Secondary infections, usually bacterial in origin, are common at the site where the worm is expelled.

This disease can be easily prevented by making water safe to drink as Guinea worm disease can only be contracted with the ingestion of the water flea. If filtering methods were available to the people who get their water from contaminated sources, the number of cases of Dracunculiasis would greatly decrease. Simple nylon mesh or other filters at least 0.15 millimeters can effectively filter out the water flea culprit.

Millions Each Year Suffer From The Tropical Chagas Disease

hosnee — Fri, 25 Sep 2009 01:40:36 +0000

If you plan to travel to Mexico, Central America or South America, you will want to take precautions against contracting Chagas disease. It’s an inflammatory disease caused by a parasite and is spread through the excrement of the reduvid bug that has been infected with it. Also called the American form of Trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease develops in two phases – the acute phase in which the disease causes mild symptoms and the chronic phase which can cause serious health repercussions to the heart and other body functions.

Cause of Chagas Disease

The trypanosome cruzi parasite is the culprit which inhabits the reduvid bug. It picks up the parasite from biting and digesting blood from an infected animal. From there, the disease can be passed to humans. Because these reduvid bugs live in the mud as well as adobe and thatch huts which are made from the mud they inhabit. Therefore, the bugs become a part of the dwelling itself and come out at night to get their blood meal from their humans.

As the bug bites, they eliminate feces which contain the parasites that cause Chagas disease. These parasites can migrate into the body in a variety of ways such as through a break in the skin, and mucosal areas like the eyes, nose and mouth. Scratching a bug bite can also help the parasites along as well. Other ways you could become infected include eating food which is contaminated with the excrement from the reduvid bug, receiving tainted blood or even an organ transplant.

It is rare that visitors to these countries with the reduvid bug will develop Chagas disease. However, prolonged visits to rural areas like peace or medical missions will raise the risk as well as visiting or dwelling in the thatch or adobe huts which harbor the parasite-riddled bug.

Symptoms of Chagas Disease

In the acute phase of Chagas disease, the symptoms are not serious. They include fever, redness at the bite site, aching body, headache, nausea or vomiting, loss of appetite and even an enlarged liver or spleen.

Signs and symptoms

Chagas disease occurs in two phases: the acute phase and the chronic phase. Symptoms in either phase can range from mild to severe. Many people don’t experience symptoms until the chronic stage. The chronic phase is sneakier and may not occur until up to 30 years after being bitten by an infected reduvid bug. In this case, the chronic stage may produce heart failure, swollen esophagus, cardiomypathy, irregular heartbeat and an enlarged large intestine which can cause a host of additional symptoms.

Treatment of Chagas

When a diagnosis of Chagas disease is made, usually by blood testing, doctors will focus on managing the symptoms while killing off the parasite causing the disease. If in the U.S., the Centers for Disease Control may have to supply the medication to treat Chagas. It is not typically available by prescription, unlike its wider availability in the areas where the reduvid bug is indigenous.

Prevention is the key and includes avoiding muddy areas where the reduvid bug is prevalent. In addition, avoid sleeping in thatch or adobe huts. Travel with an insecticide that will kill the bugs should your sleeping arrangements require stays in these native huts. Also, use insecticide treated netting around your bed areas to prevent the bugs from looking for a meal of your blood.

Fascioliasis An Animal Disease Finding Its Way To Humans

hosnee — Thu, 20 Aug 2009 13:02:36 +0000

If it is not mosquitoes then it is animals that are the culprit in many diseases that infect humans. The World Health Organization (WHO) labels fascioliasis as one of these diseases that you can get from animals. The disease is caused by a trematode organism usually called a fluke. Once considered a neglected disease by the WHO, fascioliasis is become more common in areas with unsanitary conditions around livestock like parts of Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania and more.

Once considered an animal disease, it has jumped to humans, typically through the fecal route. Vulnerable animals that likely harbor the fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica trematode flukes include domestic animals like sheep, donkeys, pigs, cattle and buffalo. Other animals that can carry this carrier of disease include goats, horses, llamas, rodents, rabbits and camels.

The Cycle of Development of Fascioliasis

Animals pick up the parasitic eggs through contaminated water or food and ingest them. They are then passed through their feces. This parasite egg-riddled feces then contaminates water sources where the eggs hook up with certain types of snails which harbor them. Then the larvae mature and the snail release them. This larvae then latches onto grass and other vegetation where they encase themselves in some type of covering to wait things out.

You could pick up Fascioliasis by ingesting the encased larvae of this parasite. This could occur by swimming in infected waters and accidentally swallowing some water. It could happen by drinking contaminated water with these encased larvae or even by food prepared with the contaminated water.

Fascioliasis can be quite serious as the eggs of this parasite fluke hatch and they grow into quite a size – up to 11/4 inches in length for the F. hepatica fluke and up to 3 inches for the F. gigantica. These sizes are reflective of its true livestock origins. The incubation period could be just a few days to several months and there are several phases of the disease.

The acute phase occurs when the traveling of young flukes pass through the liver causing swelling and bleeding, causing pain, rashes, fever and breathing problems. The chronic phase occurs when these parasites invade the bile ducts. While symptoms like those listed above may be mild, damage is occurring with swelling as well as the development of thickened areas along the walls of the bile ducts and gall bladder. Blockage of these areas can occur resulting in more serious complications. In addition, cirrhosis of the liver can occur as well as scarring.

Treatment of Fascioliasis

There are treatment options available for Fascioliasis like the drug triblabendazole. The goal of this drug is to kill the parasite causing the disease. For the most part, if caught in a reasonable time frame, the rate of curing this disease is quite high. While there are some mild reactions to the drugs, they are temporary.

The WHO has pledged to work harder at eradicating this particular disease, especially since it was primarily an animal parasitic disease. Through sanitary conditions, education about the spread of the disease and medical help, Fascioliasis can be wiped out and you can enjoy your traveling abroad.